Why This Matters
Real estate fraud includes schemes where criminals manipulate transactions, misrepresent ownership, use falsified documents or redirect funds during closing. Title and settlement professionals are frequent targets because they handle sensitive financial information, verify ownership and transfer funds. Preventing fraud requires secure processes, staff training, consumer awareness and clear communication throughout the transaction.
Types of Fraud in Real Estate
Deed and Mortgage Fraud
Deed and mortgage fraud involve forged documents, false information or unauthorized actions used to manipulate property ownership or financing. These schemes can create costly title defects and legal disputes.
Elder Abuse Fraud
Elder abuse fraud in real estate occurs when criminals exploit older property owners to gain access to their assets, often by manipulating, deceiving, or coercing them into transferring property rights or funds.
Seller Impersonation Fraud
Seller impersonation fraud occurs when criminals pose as property owners to sell real estate they do not own, often targeting vacant land, second homes, or investment properties.
Wire Fraud
Wire fraud occurs when criminals use fake or compromised communications to redirect closing funds to unauthorized accounts. These schemes often target real estate transactions because large sums of money move during closing.
Featured Resources
Research
ALTA Critical Issues Study: Seller Impersonation Fraud
Seller impersonation fraud remains a growing threat to real estate transactions. To better understand how these schemes are evolving, ALTA surveyed 245 title insurance professionals across 40 states, the District of Columbia and the U.S. Virgin Islands in spring 2026.
Commentary
The Hidden Housing Cost Washington Can’t Ignore: Real Estate Fraud
In this HousingWire commentary, ALTA CEO Chris Morton argues that real estate fraud is a hidden housing affordability cost that policymakers should not overlook. The article connects fraud prevention, title insurance and the work of title professionals to consumer protection, market stability and the long-term cost of homeownership.
Commentary
Fraud Prevention Is a Hidden Key to Housing Affordability
In this RealClearPolitics op-ed, ALTA CEO Chris Morton argues that fraud prevention should be part of the housing affordability conversation. The piece explains how title professionals help reduce fraud risk, protect consumers and prevent hidden costs from being passed on to homebuyers, lenders and communities.
Advocacy & Policy
How Fraud Impacts Housing Affordability
This webpage explains why fraud prevention should be part of the housing affordability conversation, showing how fraud can increase costs for buyers, lenders and communities. It connects fraud prevention to market stability, consumer protection and the long-term cost of homeownership.
Elder Real Estate Fraud and Financial Exploitation Prevention
This resource explains how older homeowners can be targeted through forged documents, coercion, misuse of power of attorney and other forms of financial exploitation. It also outlines legislative, enforcement and education initiatives policymakers can use to help prevent elder real estate fraud.
Meetings & Education
Cybersecurity and Fraud Prevention at 2026 ALTA ONE
ALTA ONE Omni Session speaker Gen. Paul Nakasone will bring a national security perspective to the cyber and fraud threats facing real estate transactions. Drawing on his experience leading U.S. Cyber Command and the National Security Agency, Nakasone will explore emerging risks and how title professionals can strengthen defenses and protect consumers. Register for ALTA ONE.
2024 State of Wire Fraud in the Title Industry
Reported losses from real estate wire fraud continue to climb, even as the industry adopts stronger wire verification practices. Listen to this webinar recording for insights from the latest FBI IC3 report and a closer look at how fraud is impacting the title industry and consumers.
Learn How to Spot Elder Real Estate Fraud and Financial Exploitation
It’s always important for title and settlement agents to proceed cautiously when encountering irregularities or unusual situations at closing. Listen to this webinar to learn about the prevalence of elder fraud, red flags to be aware of, reporting options to law enforcement and potential legislation.
ALTA and PRIA Joint Fraud Forum
ALTA and the Property Records Industry Association (PRIA) held a joint fraud forum on April 17. Experts shared information and suggestions on efforts to address deed and seller impersonation fraud.
Resources & Tools
Combating Seller Impersonation Fraud
This fraud alert explains how criminals impersonate property owners to sell real estate they do not own, often targeting vacant, rental or non-owner-occupied properties. It also outlines red flags, consumer tips and how ALTA’s Homeowner’s Policy can provide certain post-policy protections against forgery and impersonation.
Protect Your Money From Closing Scams When Buying a Home
Mortgage closing scams are among the costliest forms of fraud targeting homebuyers. This updated rack card helps educate consumers about the risks and is available in multiple languages to support broader awareness and prevention.
Fraud in Real Estate Brochure
This brochure helps consumers recognize and avoid common real estate fraud schemes, including seller impersonation, deed fraud, wire fraud and elder financial exploitation. It also outlines practical steps to protect personal information, verify closing instructions and respond quickly if fraud is suspected.
Be a Savvy Consumer & Protect Yourself from Seller Impersonation Fraud
Seller impersonation fraud occurs when criminals pose as property owners to illegally sell real estate they do not own. ALTA resources help consumers spot red flags, sign up for property alerts, understand title insurance options and respond quickly if they become victims.
News & Insights
‘Fraudsters Gotta Eat Too:’ The Title Industry Navigates an Uptick in Fraud
Fewer homebuying transactions means less fraud, right? “No! What it means is there is a higher percentage of potential fraud per file,” Elizabeth Berg, the vice president for education and training at FNF Family of Companies, told attendees of the American Land Title Association’s ALTA One conference on Thursday. Or as Berg also put it: “Fraudsters gotta eat too.”
How to Report Fraud to the FBI More Effectively
Federal agencies urged mortgage companies and banks to be more vigilant in reporting compromised real estate transactions to their local financial crime units and to do so in specific ways that would increase the likelihood of an investigation. A way for companies to help government agencies, such as the FBI and Secret Service, catch bad actors is by being mindful in how they fill out consumer complaints including the Internet Crime Complaint Center (IC3) form. Watch this video to learn how to submit information to the IC3.
CertifID Reports Spike in Mortgage Payoff Fraud Attempts
CertifID reported that its PayoffProtect mortgage payoff verification product tracked a 5x increase in mortgage payoff fraud attempts from Q1 to Q2 2023. The wire fraud protection company predicted losses are slated to accelerate as July’s numbers show similarly elevated levels of payoff fraud attempts, an early indication of potential for major losses in Q3 2023.
The Docket: Ohio Court Holds Escrow Agency May Be Liable for Wire Fraud, Remands for Further Proceedings
Stephen Gregory, a member of the bar in North Dakota, Ohio, Virginia and West Virginia, provided today’s review of a decision by an appeals court in Ohio that addressed which parties could potentially be liable for wire fraud. Read on to learn why this case is important to the title and settlement industry.
Tokenizing Real Estate Assets Introduces New Consumer Risks for Unproven Benefits
Justin Lischak Earley, chief innovation underwriter at First American Title, studies the concept of tokenizing real estate assets, and has published thought-provoking perspectives on what is real and what is not in terms of non-fungible tokens in real estate. Read on as Lischak Earley recaps some of his key points from his presentation “Bear With Me: The Bearer-Asset Dangers of Tokenizing Real Estate.”
Shaddock National Holdings Partners With CertifID to Combat Wire Fraud
Shaddock National Holdings will deploy CertifID’s wire fraud protection solution to its portfolio of title and escrow agencies to help protect against real estate-related payments risk.
FBI Says BEC Scams Targeting Real Estate Increasing
From 2020 to 2022, there was a 27% increase in victim reports to the FBI’s Internet Crimes Complaint Center (IC3) of business email compromise (BEC) scams connected to real estate. During the same period, the FBI reported a 72% increase in victim loss due to BECs involving real estate.
Wire Fraud in Real Estate: Beware of Criminals Targeting Your Down Payment
A New Jersey couple lost nearly $92,000 to real estate wire fraud—and they’re not alone. "It's an epidemic now,” says Diane Tomb, CEO of the American Land Title Association, the national trade association for the title industry. “Four years ago, we heard about this kind of thing a couple times a month. Now it’s multiple times a day.”
Report: Consumers Lose $106K on Average to Wire Fraud
Consumer real estate payments represent the most frequent target of wire fraud in 2022, with cybercriminals targeting buyer cash-to-close payments in particular, according to a report from CertifID.
The Docket: Eleventh Circuit Finds No Coverage for Fraudulent Wire Transfer Under Cybercrime Endorsement
Stephen Gregory, claims counsel for WFG National Title Insurance Co., reviews a recent decision by the U.S. Eleventh Circuit Court of Appeals that affirmed a title company did not have coverage for a fraudulent wire transfer under the cybercrime endorsement of its cybersecurity policy. Read on for the facts of the case.
CertifID, Riebling Insurance, Fidelity Partner to Provide Wire Fraud Coverage for Agents
CertifID and Riebling Insurance announced newly expanded coverage against the risk of mortgage payoff fraud for authorized title agencies of FNF Family of Companies. The new offering was created to help protect mortgage payoff transactions
Teacher Left Broke After Real Estate Scammers Steal $200K in Life Savings
Retired teacher Vickie Ragle and her daughter Sarah found the home of their dreams, but when they went to their closing, they got a message saying the title company hadn’t received their down payment. Don't let your guard down when it comes to real estate wire fraud: ALTA provides multiple tools and resources for to help you protect your customers. Click here for more information.
Report: $1.4B in Suspected Wire Fraud Identified by CertifID in 2022
CertifID identified $1.4 billion in suspected wire fraud attempts during 2022, according to a report released by the wire fraud protection firm. The report shows an 145% year-over-year increase in instances of reported wire fraud.
Title Company’s Crime Policy Covers Fraudulent Wire Transfer
The United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit on Feb. 1 upheld a lower court ruling finding that a title company was wrongly denied coverage under its crime protection policy for a wire fraud involving a loan payoff. While this case is not slated for publication and can’t be serve as a precedent, it can prove instructive for title companies looking to make claims under a crime policy for a payoff fraud.
Scammers are Out to get Your Mortgage Money and Even Your Home. Here’s How to Fight Them Off
Digital fraud has become highly sophisticated and, according to reports by the Federal Bureau of Investigation, has risen by more than 100% since the COVID pandemic began. While scammers tend to target vulnerable consumers such as elderly populations, no one is immune. Here are common types of scams that prospective and current homeowners should be aware of, and how you can protect yourself.
Wire Fraud Advisory: Vacant Property Fraud
Real estate transactions have been a prime target of cybercrime over the past decade, and there is little sign of change in this focus, even as the housing market slows. Instead, fraudsters continue to evolve their scam and money laundering tactics to avoid detection. CertfID reports that the latest trend involves vacant lots or unencumbered properties. Read on for educational resources from ALTA to help consumers protect their money.
Tangible Risk Mitigation Tactics to Thwart Cyberattacks
Title and settlement companies report that the volume of cyberattacks have either increased or remained the same last year when compared to 2020. Because of this, title professionals should know essential risk-mitigation processes to protect against wire fraud and other cyber threats.
How Title Companies are Combating Wire Fraud
Cyberattacks, particularly wire fraud through business email compromise, remain a major concern for the title industry. Attempted attacks increased significantly, according to a 2022 survey by the American Land Title Association, with 46% of respondents saying their employees receive at least one email a month attempting to change wire or payoff instructions. HousingWire sat down with ALTA CEO Diane Tomb to talk about ways title insurance companies can help their customers avoid falling prey to such attempts.